Mirror Neuron dalam Proses Empati Manusia kerusakan / Disfungsi yang Terjadi pada Mirror Neuron

Maria Leony  Elvaretta; Nurul Azizah Dhuha; Natasha Zefanya; Lativa  Tara; Ni Nyoman Putri  Pradnyandari

doi:10.35134/jpsy165.v16i4.311

Authors

Maria Leony Elvaretta Universitas Gadjah Mada
Nurul Azizah Dhuha Universitas Gadjah Mada
Natasha Zefanya Universitas Gadjah Mada
Lativa Tara Universitas Gadjah Mada
Ni Nyoman Putri Pradnyandari Universitas Gadjah Mada

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35134/jpsy165.v16i4.311

Keywords:

mirror neurons, empathy, brain structure, social cognition, dysfunction

Abstract

Humans are essentially created as social creatures and need each other to interact with each other. Human life coexists with other humans, so social interaction cannot be avoided. As humans, we must be sensitive and respectful of each other. One of the social interaction capitals is the ability to empathize. Empathy can be defined as when an individual can feel what others feel, and this can be explained from a neuroscience perspective. The mirror neuron is one of the small parts of the brain that has the primary function as a mirror within the individual, in other words it is the center of the process where empathy occurs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the function of mirror neurons that are closely related to human empathy processes and the damage or dysfunction that occurs in it. Through literature studies, it is known that the mirror neurons are located in some parts of brain structures; in the premotor area and the lower parietal cortex. Mirror neurons generally project events around the individuals so the emotions and such behaviors are felt by the individuals. The lack of empathy experienced by some individuals with psychopathy as well as difficulty in understanding situations or responding to social cues in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be due to the dysfunction in mirror neurons. However, mirror neurons dysfunction still requires further research to be able to understand the role of mirror neurons in various aspects of mental processes and human behavior.

References

R, D. (2019). Mirror Mirror on the Brain; Tell Me What Do They Feel? Mirror Neurons; The Neural Wi-fi System for Affect Sharing. Online Journal of Neurology and Brain Disorders, 2(5). Https://doi.org/10.32474/ojnbd.2019.02.000147.

Du, M., Basyouni, R., & Parkinson, C. (2021). How Does the Brain Navigate Knowledge of Social Relations? Testing For Shared Neural Mechanisms for Shifting Attention in Space and Social Knowledge. NeuroImage, 235, 118019. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118019.

Alcalá-López, D., Vogeley, K., Binkofski, F., & Bzdok, D. (2019). Building Blocks of Social Cognition: Mirror, Mentalize, Share? Cortex, 118, 4-18. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.05.006.

Bánovský, J. (2023). On the Importance of Infant Carrying for Social Learning and the Development of Social Cognition. Philosophical Psychology, 1-28. Https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2023.2217211.

Basavaraju, R., Mehta, U. M., Pascual‐Leone, A., & Thirthalli, J. (2018). Elevated Mirror Neuron System Activity in Bipolar Mania: Evidence from a Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study. Bipolar Disorders, 21(3), 259–269. Portico. Https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12723.

Plumbe, L. (n.d.). Imagining The Human Hand: Motor Imagery, Mental Rotation and Mirror Visual Feedback. Https://doi.org/10.14264/1ba2ad0.

Bommel, G., Thijs, J., & Miklikowska, M. (2020). Parallel Empathy and Group Attitudes in Late Childhood: The Role of Perceived Peer Group Attitudes. The Journal of Social Psychology, 161(3), 337–350. Https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2020.1840326.

Bekkali, S., Youssef, G. J., Donaldson, P. H., Albein-Urios, N., Hyde, C., & Enticott, P. G. (2021). Is the Putative Mirror Neuron System Associated with Empathy? a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 31, 14-57. Https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-020-09452-6.

Bonini, L., Rotunno, C., Arcuri, E., & Gallese, V. (2022). Mirror Neurons 30 Years Later: Implications and Applications. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(9), 767-781. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.06.003.

Lamm, C., & Tomova, L. (2018). The Neural Bases of Empathy in Humans. Neuronal Correlates of Empathy, 25–36. Https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-805397-3.00003-6.

Ceberio, M. R., & Rodríguez, S. E. (2019). Mirror neurons: A biological Genesis of Relational. Papeles del Psicólogo, 40(3), 226-232. Https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2019.2900.

Chan, M.M.Y., Han, Y.M.Y. (2020). Differential Mirror Neuron System (MNS) Activation During Action Observation with and Without Social-Emotional Components in Autism: A Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies. Molecular Autism, 11(72), 1-18. Https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-020-00374-x.

Whitford, V., & Guedea, E. L. (2020). Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Bilingual Lexical Ambiguity. Bilingual Lexical Ambiguity Resolution, 231–249. Https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316535967.010.

Cole, E. J., Barraclough, N. E., & Andrews, T. J. (2019). Reduced Connectivity Between Mentalizing and Mirror Systems in Autism Spectrum Condition. Neuropsychologia, 122, 88-97. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.11.008.

De Brito, S. A., Forth, A. E., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Brazil, I. A., Kimonis, E. R., Pardini, D., & Viding, E. (2021). Psychopathy. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7(1), 49. Https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00282-1.

Depow, G. J., Francis, Z., & Inzlicht, M. (2021). The Experience of Empathy in Everyday Life. Psychological Science, 32(8), 1198-1213. Https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797621995202.

Bunno, Y. (2020). Effectiveness of Motor Imagery on Physical Therapy: Neurophysiological Aspects of Motor Imagery. Physical Therapy Effectiveness. Https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90277.

Krug, K. (2022). Editor’s Evaluation: Non-Shared Coding of Observed and Executed Actions Prevails in Macaque Ventral Premotor Mirror Neurons. Https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.77513.

Ferrari, P. F., Méndez, C. A., & Coudé, G. (2023). Aggression: The Dark Side of Mirror Neurons Sheds Light on Their Functions. Current Biology, 33(8), 313-316. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.028.

Neuroscience: Past and Future. (2018). Neuron, 98(1), 10–11. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.029.

Sirigu, Angela., & Desmurget, Michel. (2020). The Sensorimotor Posterior Parietal Cortex: from Intention to Action. The Senses: a Comprehensive Reference, 349–358. Https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.24205-3.

Hannah, R., Jana, S., & Muralidharan, V. (2022). Does Action-Stopping Involve Separate Pause and Cancel Processes? A View from Premotor Cortex. Cortex, 152, 157–159. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2021.06.015.

Donaldson, S., & Mills, K. (2021). Development of Social Cognition in Adolescence and the Importance of Mating. The Cognitive Basis of Social Interaction Across the Lifespan, 70–95. Https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843290.003.0004.

Chen, W., & Cheung, O. S. (2021). Flexible Face Processing: Holistic Processing of Facial Identity is Modulated By Task-Irrelevant Facial Expression. Vision Research, 178, 18–27. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2020.09.008.

Arbib, M. A. (2021). From Empathy to Mirror Neurons and Back to Aesthetics. When Brains Meet Buildings, 287–358. Https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190060954.003.0005.

Mather, G. (2022). Somatosensation and Body Sense. Foundations of Sensation and Perception, 349–365. Https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003335481-12.

Maroda, K. J. (2021). Myths about Empathy and Mirror Neurons. The Analyst’s Vulnerability, 141–170. Https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003190462-6-9.

Kilroy, E., Harrison, L., Butera, C., Jayashankar, A., Cermak, S., Kaplan, J., Williams, M., Haranin, E., Bookheimer, S., Dapretto, M., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2021). Unique Deficit in Embodied Simulation In Autism: An Fmri Study Comparing Autism and Developmental Coordination Disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 42(5), 1532-1546. Https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25312.

Knaus, T. A., Burns, C. O., Kamps, J., & Foundas, A. L. (2023). Action Viewing and Language in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Experimental Brain Research, 241(2), 559-570. Https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-022-06540-2.

Kraus, S., Breier, M., & Lim, W. M. (2022). Literature Reviews as Independent Studies: Guidelines for Academic Practice. Review of Managerial Science, 16, 2577–2595. Https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00588-8.

Kröll, J. P., Friedrich, P., Li, X., Patil, K. R., Mochalski, L., Waite, L., ... & Weis, S. (2023). Naturalistic Viewing Increases Individual Identifiability Based on Connectivity Within Functional Brain Networks. NeuroImage, 273, 120083. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120083.

Vannuscorps, G., & Caramazza, A. (2023). Effector-Specific Motor Simulation Supplements Core Action Recognition Processes in Adverse Conditions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 18(1). Https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsad046.

Ewbank, M. P., Passamonti, L., Hagan, C. C., Goodyer, I. M., Calder, A. J., & Fairchild, G. (2018). Psychopathic Traits Influence Amygdala–Anterior Cingulate Cortex Connectivity During Facial Emotion Processing. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(5), 525–534. Https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsy019.

Handayani, N., & Pangestu, M. (2023). Studi Q-EEG: Analisis Konektivitas Fungsional Otak pada Anak Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Lontar Physics Today, 2(1), 39–47. Https://doi.org/10.26877/lpt.v2i1.14784.

Lucariello, A., & Tafuri, D. (2019). Mirror Neurons and Embodied Cognition. Acta Medica Mediterranea, 35(1), 353-356. Https://hdl.handle.net/11367/73053.

Hickok, G. (2013). Do Mirror Neurons Subserve Action Understanding? Neuroscience Letters, 540, 56–58. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.001.

Recording Single-Neuron Activity During Walking in Humans. (2023). Nature Neuroscience. Https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01261-3.

Chan, M. M. Y., & Han, Y. M. Y. (2020). Differential Mirror Neuron System (MNS) Activation During Action Observation with and Without Social-Emotional Components in Autism: A Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies. Https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.23748/v2.

Penagos-Corzo, J. C., Cosio van-Hasselt, M., Escobar, D., Vázquez-Roque, R. A., & Flores, G. (2022). Mirror Neurons and Empathy-Related Regions in Psychopathy: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and A Working Model. Social Neuroscience, 17(5), 462-479. Https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2022.2128868.

Wang, H., & Liou, S. (2018). Empathy: Its Proximate and Ultimate Bases in Advancing Technology. 2018 International Conference on Orange Technologies (ICOT). Https://doi.org/10.1109/icot.2018.8705889.

Boggio, T.S.H. Wingenbach, M.L. da Silveira Coêlho, W.E. Comfort, L. Murrins Marques, & M.V.C. Alves (Eds.) Social and Affective Neuroscience of Everyday Human Interaction: from Theory to Methodology (pp. 65-84). Springer International Publishing, Chem. Https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08651-9_5.

Pushpa, N. B. & Ravi, K. S. (2023). Mirror Neuron: The Unit of Imitative Mind and Its Clinical Applicability. National Journal of Clinical Anatomy, 12(2), 69-70. Https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_55_23.

Biben, V., & Syahida, J. A. (2019). Application of Mirror Neuron System in Post Stroke Rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 11th National Congress and the 18th Annual Scientific Meeting of Indonesian Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Association. Https://doi.org/10.5220/0009064100880094.

Rittmo, J., Carlsson, R., Gander, P., & Lowe, R. (2020). Vicarious Value Learning: Knowledge Transfer Through Affective Processing on A Social Differential Outcomes Task. Acta Psychologica, 209, Article 103134. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103134.

Yang, J. (2018). Involvement of the Mirror Neuron System and the Mentalizing System During Communicative Gesture Production: A Meta-Analysis. Https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1975v1.

Diedrichsen, J. (2022). Editor’s Evaluation: Motor Actions are Spatially Organized in Motor and Dorsal Premotor Cortex. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.83196.sa0.

Shaygan, M., Jaberi, A., Firozian, R., & Yazdani, Z. (2022). Comparing The Effects of Multimedia and Face-to-Face Pain Management Education on Pain Intensity and Pain Catastrophizing Among Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. PLOS ONE, 17(6), e0269785. Https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269785.

Puiu, A. A., Votinov, M., Habel, U., & Konrad, K. (2022). Testosterone Administration Does Not Alter the Brain Activity Supporting Cognitive and Affective Empathy. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology, 10, 100134. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100134.

Schmidt, S. N., Sojer, C. A., Hass, J., Kirsch, P., & Mier, D. (2020). FMRI Adaptation Reveals: The Human Mirror Neurson System Discriminates Emotional Valence. Cortex, 128, 270-280. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.026.

Beadle, J. N. (n.d.). The Neuroanatomical Basis of Empathy. Https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.huhyeiyu.

Vecchio, A., & De Pascalis, V. (2023). ERP Indicators of Situational Empathy Pain. Behavioural Brain Research, 439, 114224. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114224.

Watanabe, R., Kim, Y., Kuruma, H., & Takahashi, H. (2022). Imitation Encourages Empathic Capacity Toward Other Individuals with Physical Disabilities. NeuroImage, 264, 119710. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119710.

Blachowicz, J. (2023). Correction to: The Bilateral Mind as the Mirror of Nature. The Bilateral Mind as the Mirror of Nature, C1–C1. Https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14478-3_15.

Shevchenko, D. (2023). Consciousness Reflects the Mind, the Mind Reflects Consciousness. Mirror of Nature, Mirror of Self, 40–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197665510.003.0003.

Zarka, D., Cebolla, A. M., & Cheron, G. (2021). Mirror Neurons, Neural Substrate of Action Understanding?. L'encephale, 48(1), 83-91. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2021.06.005.

Zhao, W., Liu, Q., Zhang, X., Song, X., Zhang, Z., Qing, P., Liu, X., Zhu, S., Yang, W., Kendrick, K. M. (2023). Differential Responses in The Mirror Neuron System During Imitation of Individual Emotional Facial Expressions and Association with Autistic Traits. NeuroImage, 277, 120263. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120263.

Zhou, Z., Chen, S., Li, Y., Zhao, J., Li, G., Chen, L., Wu, Y., Zhang, S., Shi, X., Chen, X., Xu, S., Ren, M., Chang, S., & Shan, C. (2022). Comparison Of Sensory Observation and Somatosensory Stimulation in Mirror Neurons and the Sensorimotor Network: A Task-Based FMRI. Front. Neurol., 13, 916990. Https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.916990.