Perceived Parenting Styles as a Moderator Between Childhood Fantasy Play and Creativity in Early Adulthood
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35134/jpsy165.v19i1.636Keywords:
developmental psychology, cognitive development, pretend play, imaginative play, parent-child relationship, perceived parenting stylesAbstract
Creativity is a crucial skill for adapting to the demands of the modern world, and early experiences may play a vital role in its development. This study investigated the relationship between childhood fantasy play and creativity in early adulthood, as well as the moderating role of perceived parenting styles. A non-experimental quantitative design was employed using purposive sampling. Participants were 387 individuals aged 18 to 25 who had lived with their parents between the ages of 2 and 7. Data were collected through an online questionnaire and analyzed using Jeffrey’s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Results revealed a significant positive correlation between childhood fantasy play and adult creativity (r = 0.413, p < 0.001). However, perceived parenting styles, both paternal and maternal, did not significantly moderate this relationship. These findings indicate that engaging in imaginative play during childhood contributes meaningfully to creativity in adulthood, and this influence remains consistent regardless of how parenting is later recalled. The study adds to the understanding of how early life experiences shape long-term personal development.
References
Suyuti, "The Importance of Creativity and Innovation in Education: How to Prepare Students for the 21st Century Workforce," Education Studies and Teaching Journal, 2024.
M. Boyles, "The Importance of Creativity in Business," Harvard Business School Online Blog, Jan. 25, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/importance-of-creativity-in-business
D. Tolu-Kolawole, "Creativity, innovation crucial for economic development — Minister," Punch, Feb. 11, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://punchng.com/creativity-innovation-crucial-for-economic-development-minister/
W. Liu et al., "Empathy Design Thinking: Cultivating creative minds in primary education," Frontiers in Education, vol. 9, p. 1376305, 2024. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2024.1376305
Editorial Team, "New Canva report reveals rising demand for creativity in the workplace, but UK graduates falling short," HR News, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://hrnews.co.uk/new-canva-report-reveals-rising-demand-for-creativity-in-the-workplace-but-uk-graduates-falling-short
A. J. Cropley, Creativity in Education & Learning. London, U.K.: Routledge, 2005.
S. Koesno, "Indonesia Butuh Lebih Banyak Talenta Kreatif," Marketeers, Feb. 24, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.marketeers.com/indonesia-butuh-lebih-banyak-talenta-kreatif/
L. Bunce and J. D. Woolley, "Fantasy orientation and creativity in childhood: A closer look," Cognitive Development, vol. 57, p. 100979, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100979
S. W. Russ, "Mind wandering, fantasy, and pretend play: a natural combination," in Creativity and the Wandering Mind: Spontaneous and Controlled Cognition, pp. 231–248, 2020. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816400-6.00010-9
R. Wiseman and C. Watt, "Experiencing the impossible and creativity: a targeted literature review," PeerJ, vol. 10, p. e13755, 2022. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13755
A. Halliday, S. Kola-Palmer, P. Davis, N. King, and J. Retzler, "Childhood fantasy play relates to adult socio-emotional competence," Infant and Child Development, vol. 32, no. 5, 2023. doi: 10.1002/icd.2451
R. E. White, R. B. Thibodeau-Nielsen, F. Palermo, and A. M. Mikulski, "Engagement in social pretend play predicts preschoolers’ executive function gains across the school year," Early Childhood Research Quarterly, vol. 56, pp. 103–113, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.03.005
Q. Lin, N. Zhou, Y. Wan, and H. Fu, "Relationship between Chinese children's imaginary companions and their understanding of second-order false beliefs and emotions," International Journal of Psychology, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 98–105, 2020. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12546
H. Petersen and M. Holodynski, "Bewitched to Be Happy? The Impact of Pretend Play on Emotion Regulation of Expression in 3- to 6-Year-Olds," The Journal of Genetic Psychology, vol. 181, no. 2–3, pp. 111–126, 2020. doi: 10.1080/00221325.2020.1734909
T. A. Hà, "Pretend Play and Early Language Development—Relationships and Impacts: A Comprehensive Literature Review," Journal of Education, vol. 202, no. 1, pp. 122–130, 2022. doi: 10.1177/0022057420966761
M. M. Brown, R. B. Thibodeau, J. M. Pierucci, and A. T. Gilpin, "Supporting the development of empathy: The role of theory of mind and fantasy orientation," Social Development, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 951–964, 2017.
R. Bauer, A. T. Gilpin, and R. B. Thibodeau-Nielsen, "Executive functions and imaginative play: Exploring relations with prosocial behaviors using structural equation modeling," Trends in Neuroscience and Education, vol. 25, p. 100165, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.tine.2021.100165
R. E. White and S. M. Carlson, "Pretending with realistic and fantastical stories facilitates executive function in 3-year-old children," Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, vol. 207, p. 105090, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105090
E. Kidd, P. Rogers, and C. Rogers, "The personality correlates of adults who had imaginary companions in childhood," Psychological Reports, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 163–172, 2010. doi: 10.2466/02.04.10.PR0.107.4.163-172
T. R. Gleason, "The psychological significance of play with imaginary companions in early childhood," Learning & Behavior, vol. 45, pp. 432–440, 2017. doi: 10.3758/s13420-017-0284-z
P. E. Davis, H. Simon, E. Meins, and D. L. Robins, “Imaginary companions in children with autism spectrum disorder,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 48, pp. 2790–2799, 2018.
P. E. Davis, J. Slater, D. Marshall, and D. L. Robins, “Autistic children who create imaginary companions: Evidence of social benefits,” Autism, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 244–252, 2023.
D. Baumrind, “Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior,” Child Development, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 887–907, 1966. doi: 10.2307/1126611
E. Skinner, S. Johnson, and T. Snyder, “Six dimensions of parenting: A motivational model,” Parenting, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 175–235, 2005. doi: 10.1207/s15327922par0502_3
T. G. Power, “Parenting dimensions and styles: A brief history and recommendations for future research,” Childhood Obesity, vol. 9, suppl. 1, pp. S14–S21, 2013. doi: 10.1089/chi.2013.0034
C. Perris, L. Jacobsson, H. Lindström, L. von Knorring, and H. Perris, “Development of a new inventory assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 265–274, 1980. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb00581.x
W. L. Haight, X. L. Wang, H. H. T. Fung, K. Williams, and J. Mintz, “Universal, developmental, and variable aspects of young children’s play: A cross-cultural comparison of pretending at home,” Child Development, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 1477–1488, 1999. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00107
D. Jankowska and J. Gralewski, “The familial context of children’s creativity: Parenting styles and the climate for creativity in parent-child relationship,” Creativity Studies, 2020. doi: 10.31234/osf.io/2b35p
E. Kamber, D. Tahiroglu, and H. S. Kara, “Relations between fantasy orientation, pretense, and parental preschool children,” Çukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 929–964, 2021. doi: 10.14812/cuefd.850754
X. Zhao and J. Yang, “Fostering creative thinking in the family: The importance of parenting styles,” Thinking Skills and Creativity, vol. 41, p. 100920, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100920
H. Fan, Y. Feng, and Y. Zhang, “Parental involvement and student creativity: A three-level meta-analysis,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 15, p. 1407279, 2024. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1407279
I. Lebuda and M. Csikszentmihalyi, “All you need is love: The importance of partner and family relations to highly creative individuals’ well-being and success,” The Journal of Creative Behavior, 2018. doi: 10.1002/jocb.348
S. Smilansky, The Effects of Sociodramatic Play on Disadvantaged Preschool Children. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1968.
B. Sutton-Smith, The Ambiguity of Play. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
W.-S. Lin, Y. Hsu, and C. Liang, “The mediator effects of conceiving imagination on academic performance of design students,” International Journal of Technology and Design Education, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 73–89, 2013. doi: 10.1007/s10798-013-9244-x
J. A. Kirkham, J. Lloyd, and H. Stockton, “Development and validation of the retrospective childhood fantasy play scale,” Imagination, Cognition and Personality, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 315–344, 2019. doi: 10.1177/0276236618794880
W. A. Arrindell, E. Sanavio, G. Aguilar, C. Sica, C. Hatzichristou, M. Eisemann, L. A. Recinos, P. Gaszner, M. Peter, G. Battagliese, J. Kállai, and J. Van der Ende, “The development of a short form of the EMBU: Its appraisal with students in Greece, Guatemala, Hungary and Italy,” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 613–628, 1999. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00192-5
W. B. Bitew and A. A. Sewagegn, “Exploring pretend play and creativity development among preschool children in Northern Ethiopia: A collective case study,” Education 3–13, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 240–250, 2023. doi: 10.1080/03004279.2023.2227192
S. W. Russ and C. E. Wallace, “Pretend play and creative processes,” American Journal of Play, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 136–148, 2013.
S. Singha, M. Warr, P. Mishra, D. Henriksen, and The Deep-Play Research Group, “Playing with creativity across the lifespan: A conversation with Dr. Sandra Russ,” TechTrends, vol. 64, no. 4, p. 550, 2020. doi: 10.1007/s11528-020-00514-3
T. R. Gleason, R. N. Jarudi, and J. M. Cheek, “Imagination, personality, and imaginary companions,” Social Behavaor and Personality, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 721–738, 2003. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2003.31.7.721
K. Gilmore, “Pretend play and development in early childhood (with implications for the Oedipal phase),” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association., 2011. doi: 10.1177/0003065111427158.
Y. Fang and Y. Shen, “The relationship between undergraduate students’ parenting style and creativity,” Psychology, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 498–510, 2021.
C. Berkhuizen, “Playing bus in a bus – children transforming spaces within a mobile preschool into resources in place-making fantasy play,” International Journal of Play, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 182–201, 2020. doi: 10.1080/21594937.2020.1778270
D. C. Bell and L. G. Bell, “Accuracy of retrospective reports of family environment,” Journal of Child and Family Studies, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1029–1040, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s10826-017-0948-5.
S. M. Croucher, S. Kelly, P. Elers, K. Jackson, and T. Nguyen, “Does student sampling impact our understanding of argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness?,” Argumentation Advocacy, pp. 1–16, 2024. doi: 10.1080/10511431.2024.2390775.









