Kehangatan Hubungan dengan Orang Tua, Pengasuh dan Teman dengan Sindrome Depresi pada Remaja Panti Asuhan di Jakarta
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35134/jpsy165.v12i2.7Keywords:
Warmth, Relationship, Depression, Adolescence, OrphanageAbstract
Depression is a mental health problem caused by multifactors and is common in adolescents. Adolescents who live in orphanages are considered vulnerable to the appearance of depression. Even so, adolescents who live in orphanages in Jakarta generally still have parents so they can establish a warmth relationship as protection against depression syndrome. In addition to parents, adolescents who live at the Orphanage also establish warmth relationships with friends and caregivers. This research was conducted to find out how the warmth of adolescent relationships with parents, caregivers and friends with depression syndrome among adolescents in orphanages. This study was conducted in 402 adolescents (male: 179; female: 223; M: 14.88) in 20 orphanages in Jakarta. The results of the study show the warmth of relationships with mothers, fathers, caregivers and friends in adolescents at the middle level and symptoms of depression at low levels. Furthermore, this study found that only the warmth of the relationship with the father correlated with depression syndrome.
References
Anhalt, K. & Morris, T.L. (2008). Parenting characteristics associated with anxiety and depression: Exploring the contribution of multiple factors. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavioral Intervention, 5, 122-137. Diunduh dari : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180821_Parenting_Characteristics_Associated_with_Anxiety_and_Depression_A_Multivariate_Approach
Alegre, A., Benson, M. J. & Pérez-Escoda, N. (2014). Maternal warmth and early adolescents’ internalizing symptoms and externalizing behavior: mediation via emotional insecurity. Journal of Early Adolescence. 34(6) 712–735. Diunduh dari : https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0272431613501408?journalCode=jeaa
Asmika, Herijanto dan Handayani, N. (2008). Prevalensi depresi dan gambaran stressor psikososial pada remaja sekolah menengah umum di wilayah kotamadya malang. Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya. 24(1) 15-21. Diunduh dari : https://jkb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jkb/article/view/348
Bansal, V., Goyal, S., & Srivastava, K. (2009). Study of prevalence of depression in adolescent students of a public school. India Psychiatry Journal. 18 (1) 43-46. Diunduh dari : http://www.industrialpsychiatry.org/article.asp?issn=0972-6748;year=2009;volume=18;issue=1;spage=43;epage=46;aulast=Bansal
Baharudin, R. & Jo Pei Tan (2018). Percieved parental warmth and depression in early adolescent: path analysis on the role of self-esteem as a mediator. 21 (1) 165-178. Diunduh dari : https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Perceived-Parental-Warmthand-Depression-in-Early-a-LimBaharudin/d1ea6c313bd4d327c7b08f68af7aa23ae92baad2
Brumariu, L. E. & Kerns, A. (2010). Parent–child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and Psychopathology. 22 . 177–203. Diunduh dari : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102655
Chun Bun Lam (2012). Time use a cause and consequence of youth development. The Pennsylvania State University. Diunduh dari :
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4371855/
Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (2006). Developmental Psychopathology, Volume 3, Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation (2nd Ed). United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Deater-Deckard, et al. (2011). The Association between Parental Warmth and Control in Thirteen Cultural Groups. J Fam Psychol. 25(5): 790–794.
Epkins, C. C. & Harper, S. L. (2016). Mothers’ and fathers’ parental warmth, hostility / rejection / neglect, and behavioral control: specific and unique relations with parents’ depression versus anxiety symptoms. Parenting: Science and Preactice, 16. 125–145.
Diunduh dari : https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-09632-004
Hazel, N. A., Oppenheimer, C.W., Technow, J.R., Young, J.F. & Hankin, B.L. (2014). Parent relationship quality buffer against the effect of peer stressor on depressive symptoms from middle childhood to adolescence. Development Psychology. 50 (8). 21115-2123. Diunduh dari : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24932722
Hoeve, M., Stams, G.J.J.M., van der Put, C.E., Dubas, J.S., van der Laan, P.H., dan Gerris, J.R.M. (2012). A Meta-analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency. J Abnmorm Child Psychol, 40: 771 - 785. Diunduh dari : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278802
Hurley, K. (25 september 2017). Understanding the Risk Factors of Teen Suicide: The suicide rate among teens is way up. Know the signs and how to help someone in distress. Diunduh tanggal 3 Januari 2017 dari https://www.psycom.net/teen-suiciderisk-factors
Ibrahim, A., El-Bilsha, M. A., El-Gilany, A.H. &Khater, M. (2012). Prevalence and predictors of depression among orphans in Dakahlia’s orphanages, Egypt. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health. 4(12). 2036-
Diunduh dari : https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/af77/6f593e7bfbe803f33af5a6cce8b148720b01.pdf
Kassamali, N., Rattani, S. A. (2014). Factors that affect attachment between the employed mother and the child, infancy to two years. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 6-15. Diunduh dari : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814064490
Kepmensos & UNICEF (2015). Penilaian cepat program kesejahteraan social anak (PKSA). Jakarta. Diunduh dari : https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/id/PKSA2015.pdf
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. & Williams. (2001). W. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. JGIM. Diunduh dari :
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11556941
Luster, T. Saltarelli, A. J., Rana, M., Qin, D.B., Bates, L., Burdick, K. & Baird, D. (2009). The Experiences of Sudanese Unaccompanied Minors in Foster Care. Journal of Family Psychology . 23 (3), 386–395. DOI: 10.1037/a0015570. Diunduh dari : https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/988c/a4d3fa8baae9b033f62e9cd602cca6f6c26f.pdf
McLaughlin, K. A. & King, K. (2015). Developmental trajectories of anxiety and depression in early adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 43. 311–323. Diunduh dari : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24996791
Narayana, I.G.A.A.K. & Ratep, N. (2016). Determinan depresi pada remaja dip anti asuhan Widhya Asih Denpasar tahun 2013. E-Jurnal Medika. 5 (7). Diunduh dari : https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eum/article/view/21556
National Institute of Mental Health. (2015). Major Depression Among Adolescents. Diunduh pada tanggal 2 januari 2018 dari
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/major-depression-amongadolescents.shtml
Naylor, L. P. (2008). Depression In Adolescence: Depression Risk Factors, Depression Effects, Depression Treatment. Boston Counseling Therapy. Diunduh 3 Januari 2017 dari http://thriveboston.com/counseling/depression-in-adolescence-depression-riskfactors-depression-effects-depression-treatment/
Ong, K.I.C. et al (2015). What are the factors associated with depressive symptoms among orphans and vulnerable children in Cambodia?. BMC Psychiatry. 15:178 . DOI 10.1186/s12888-015-0576-9. Diunduh dari : https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-015-0576-9
Oren, N. (2012). Hopeless levels of children living with their parents or in an orphanage. Socia Behavior and Personality: An international journal. 40. 501-508. Diunduh dari : https://www.sbp-journal.com/index.php/sbp/article/view/2508
Padilla-Walker, L.M., Nielson, M. G. & Day, R. D. (2016). The Role of Parental Warmth and Hostility on Adolescents’ Prosocial Behavior Toward Multiple Targets. Journal of Family Psychology. 30 (3). 331–340. Diunduh dari : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26414417
Papalia, D. E. & Martorell, G. (2014). Experience Human Development (13tn ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Parke, R. D. & Clarke-Stewart, A. (2010). Social Development. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parker, J. G., Low, C. M., Walker, A. R. & Gamm, B.K. (2005). Friendship Jealousy in Young Adolescents: Individual Differences and Links to Sex, Self-Esteem, Aggression, and Social Adjustment. Developmental Psychology. 41(1). 235–250. Diunduh dari : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8074199_Friendship_Jealousy_in_Young_Ad adolesens_Individual_Differences_and_Links_to_Sex_SelfEsteem_Aggression_and_Social_Adjustment
Reynolds, C.R. & Kamphaus, R.W. (2013). Major Depressive Disorde. BASC 3. Diunduh tanggal 3 januari 2018 dari https://images.pearsonclinical.com/images/assets/basc3/basc3resources/DSM5_DiagnosticCriteria_MajorDepressiveDisorder.pdf
Roberts & Vallance, n.d. dalam Gask, L. & Graham, C. C. (2014). ABC of Anxiety and Depression (1st ed). USA:BMJ Publishing Group.
Rodrı´guez, S. A.., Perez-Brena, N. J., Updegraff ,K.. A. & Uman˜a-Taylor, A. J. (2014). Emotional closeness in mexican-origin adolescents’ relationships with mothers, fathers, and same-sex friends. J Youth Adolescence. 43, 1953–1968. Diunduh dari : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23999997
Schludermann, E., & Schludermann, S. (1988). Replicability of factors in the Children's Report of Parent Behavior (CRBPI). Journal of Psychology, 96, 15-23. Diunduh dari : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232541513_Replicability_of_Factors_in_Chil
dren's_Report_of_Parent_Behavior_CRPBI
Sharabany, R. (1994). Intimate friendship scale: Conceptual underpinnings, psychometric properties and construct validity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 449-469. Diunduh dari : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240707037_Intimate_Friendship_Scale_Conceptual_Underpinnings_Psychometric_Properties_and_Construct_Validity
Suchman, N.E., Rounsaville, B., DeCoste, C. & Luthar, S. (2007). Parental control, paretal warmth and psychosocial adjustment in a sample of substance-abusing mother and their school-aged and adolescent children. Jurnal Subtance Abuse Treatment. 32 (1). 1-10.
Diunduh dari : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17175393
Thapar, A. , Collishaw, S., Pine, D.S. &Thapar, A. K. (2012). Depression in adolescence. Lancet. 379(9820): 1056–1067. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4.
Uytun, M. C., Oztop, D. B. & Esel, E. (2013). Evaluating the attachment behaviour in during puberty and adulthood. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences. 26. Diunduh dari :
http://www.dusunenadamdergisi.org/ing/fArticledetails.aspx?MkID=940
Yendork, J. S. & Somhlaba, N. Z. (2014). Stress, coping and quality of life: An exploratory study of the psychological well-being of Ghanaian orphans placed in orphanages. Children and Youth Services Review. 46.28–37. Diunduh dari :
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740914002746
Yeung, R. C. (2010). Understanding the course of peer victimization and internalizing problems among adolescents: building strength through parent, friend, and dating partner emotional support. University of Victoria